|
In Ireland, a barony ((アイルランド語:barúntacht), plural ''barúntachtaí''〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=barony )〕) is a historical subdivision of a county, analogous to the hundreds into which the counties of England were divided. Baronies were created during the Tudor reconquest of Ireland, replacing the earlier cantreds formed after the original Norman invasion.〔Mac Cotter 2005, pp.327–330〕 Some early baronies were later subdivided into half baronies with the same standing as full baronies. Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the nineteenth century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. Subsequent adjustments of county boundaries mean that some baronies now straddle two counties. ==Creation== The island of Ireland was "shired" into counties in two distinct periods: the east and south during the Anglo-Norman period (from the 1169 invasion to the early fourteenth century) and the rest in the Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century. "Barony" was used in three overlapping but distinct senses in the early period: * a "feudal barony" was an honour or large manor * a "parliamentary barony" was a rank of the peerage of Ireland, giving the right to sit in the Parliament of Ireland * an "administrative barony" or cantred was a unit for taxation purposes.〔Nicholls 1996〕 Over the centuries, these senses diverged, and many administrative baronies have never been associated with feudal or noble titles.〔 Spurious "barony" titles have been sold by using the names of administrative baronies for which there is no corresponding hereditary or prescriptive barony.〔 In counties Louth and Meath, the administrative subdivisions were called "baronies" from the beginning,〔 originally as portions given by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath to his vassals. Further south the name "cantred" was used till the fifteenth century.〔 The cantreds declined with the rest of the English colony as its influence retreated to the Pale in the fourteenth century, and when the Tudors and Stuarts revived and extended county government, the baronies which they delimited often bore little relation to the earlier cantreds.〔〔 Most cantreds corresponded to the ''túath'' ("country") or ''trícha cét'' ("thirty hundred ()") of a Gaelic chief. However, sometimes baronies combined small territories, or split a large one, or were created without regard for the earlier boundaries.〔 In the Norman period most Gaelic chiefs were killed, expelled, or subordinated by the new Norman lord; in the Tudor period, many Gaelic and Hibernicized lords retained their land by pledging allegiance to the Crown under surrender and regrant. Sir John Perrot's commissioners reported 184 "cantreds, otherwise called hundreds or baronies" in 1589;〔''History of the political connection between England and Ireland'' (p.121,fn ) by William Barron, 1780〕 William Petty reported 252 baronies in 1672.〔Petty, ''The Political Anatomy of Ireland'', (Chapter VI )〕 Baronies were sometimes subdivided, and occasionally combined. The parts of a subdivided barony were called ''half-baronies'', but had the same legal standing. Some subdivisions came about when new counties were formed, and the new boundary split a pre-existing barony. In three cases, there are adjacent half-baronies in neighbouring counties with the same name: Rathdown (Dublin—Wicklow), Fore (Meath—Westmeath), and Ballymoe (Galway—Roscommon). Subdivision happened especially in the nineteenth century, when qualifiers "Upper"/"Lower"(/"Middle"), "North"/"South", or "East/"West" were used for the half-baronies.〔 The main basis for this subdivision was the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act, 1836, which empowered a county's grand jury to divide baronies of at least and unite baronies totalling at most . An 1837 act relaxed these restrictions for County Fermanagh, where many baronies were split by Lough Erne.〔(County Fermanagh Baronies Act, 1837 ) 1 Vict. c.82〕 The baronies of Iveagh, Muskerry, and Connello were each subdivided twice: Upper and Lower Iveagh each have Upper and Lower Halves; East and West Muskerry each have East and West Divisions; the western divisions split from Upper and Lower Connello were named Shanid and Glenquin respectively. When County Tipperary was split into North and South Ridings in 1838, the barony of Kilnamanagh was split into Upper and Lower half-baronies. The civil parishes were originally subdivisions of baronies, each in turn a collection of townlands. Under the Valuation of Lands (Ireland) Act 1836, detached exclaves of baronies were annexed to an adjacent barony. This was not done for parishes; as a result, many parishes came to straddle barony and county boundaries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barony (Ireland)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|